Falcon Hill

Semyonovskoe

The history of this Moscow region is inseparable from the fate of the village of Semenovskoye, which lay on the left bank of the Yauza and went down in history not only with the famous Semenovsky Guards Regiment, but also with the “amusing” Falcon Court of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
The favorite pastime of the great princes and then the kings was hunting. The hunting trips of the sovereigns amazed foreigners with their pomp and luxury. This is how, for example, he described it in the middle of the 16th century. Englishman Richard Chancellor departure of Ivan IV: “The Grand Duke himself is equipped beyond all measure richly; his tent is covered with gold or silver brocade and so decorated with stones that it is amazing to look at. I have seen the tents of the Royal Majesty of England and the King of France, which are magnificent, but still not as great as the tent of the Moscow Grand Duke.”

The Russian sovereigns knew and understood a lot about hunting and its various types. Vasily III was especially fond of hunting, who never missed an opportunity to go out into the autumn “field” to “amuse himself” with the rutting of the beast with greyhounds. His son Ivan IV preferred bear hunting, baiting him with dogs, and sometimes “amused himself” in the bear field with a fight between a daredevil and a bear, when a man with only one spear went out to single combat with a forest giant.

True, over time, hunting preferences changed. Boris Godunov preferred falcon hunting to hound hunting. However, a real expert and lover of hunting, devoted to it with all passion, was Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who maintained a huge staff of hunters. Under him, 30 miles around Moscow, vast forest groves were set aside for royal hunting, where private individuals were prohibited from hunting under pain of cruel punishment and huge fines.

Under Alexei Mikhailovich, the royal hunt was divided into two main types according to the time of year - winter and summer. In accordance with this, two orders were in charge of organizing the hunt. The stable order was in charge of winter hunting - for catching elk, deer, foxes, and hares with snares, traps and dogs, it had up to a hundred catchers and hounds at its disposal. But the tsar's greatest love was summer hunting, especially falconry, the management of which was in the personal office of the sovereign - the Order of Secret Affairs.

More than 3 thousand birds of prey were kept in the “Amusing” (i.e., intended for “fun” - entertainment) yards in Kolomenskoye and Semyonovskoye. The care of birds, the rules for keeping them and hunting with them were described in a special charter - “The Falconer’s Way”. All birds were divided into “articles”. At the head of each “article” was a “primary” falconer, who was in charge of “ordinary” falconers. In addition, the royal hunters included falconers who monitored the delivery of birds to the hunting site, bird shooters who killed wounded prey, gyrfalcon keepers who were at the gyrfalcon and monitored the feeding and care of the birds, and, finally, a hood maker who made hoods for the heads of the birds. birds.

Falconry, enormous in scope, began with the delivery of birds. They were delivered in “cages” designed for this purpose - on wooden frames made from beams, which served as perches for birds. “Cages” were worn on the shoulders. The hunters then placed the birds on a hand protected by a leather or suede glove. The bird's paws were tied to the glove with a special strap. Falcons, gyrfalcons and golden eagles were worn in hoods - special hats that covered their eyes. The hoods were embroidered with bright silks, silver and gold and decorated with multi-colored feathers. In addition, the birds were wearing bibs made of expensive velvet studded with pearls. Seeing the prey, the hunter with a movement of his hand threw off the strap from the bird, tore off the hood and threw the falcon up. Having risen to a height, it fell down like a stone and hit its prey.

The dignity of a falcon or gyrfalcon was determined by the number of “bets” and “riding”. The bet was the soaring of a falcon to a height, from where it, stopping for a moment, fell headlong towards its victim and, if it missed, took off a second and third time until it killed the beast. "Top", i.e. The height that the birds reached was divided into great, medium and small. Falcons with a “great top” rose so high in the sky that they seemed like a barely noticeable dot to the naked eye.

Hunting with hawks had its own subtleties. Unlike falcons, they were never given hoods. The hawks themselves looked out for prey, quickly rushing along the edge of the forest, making rapid turns and unexpectedly swooping down on their prey, who did not have time to notice the danger. The hunter's task was only to unclench his hand in time, freeing the bird.

The best time for falconry was autumn. In winter, the birds rested, and at this time of year the princes usually loved grouse hunting. Black grouse, partridges and wood grouse were caught using tents, which were a cone made of strong mesh stretched over a pole. A long rope stretched from the pole to a straw hut set up not far from the hunting lodge, where the hunter sat. All these preparations were made in advance to accustom the bird to the sight of the trap. The prey was attracted with bait - a sheaf of unthreshed oats or bread crumbs. The hunter climbed into the hut at night, and at dawn waited for a flock of birds to gather under the tent. With an energetic jerk of the rope, he knocked out the pole, it fell, and the net covered the birds.

But at the end of the 17th century. the scope of such royal amusements drops sharply. Alexei Mikhailovich's son Peter I was not a hunter. Although his successors - Peter II, Anna Ioannovna and especially Elizaveta Petrovna loved hunting and enjoyed it, it no longer reached the proportions that it had in the middle of the 17th century. And the new sovereigns lived primarily not in Moscow, but in St. Petersburg.

Semyonovskoye begins to be mentioned in documents only from the middle of the 17th century. The first information about him is in the orderly notes of 1657. Compiled in the Order of Secret Affairs, they recorded in detail every trip of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, prayers, festive dinners and hunts. “On the 16th day of February on Monday... the sovereign went on a campaign to his sovereign village of Semyonovskoye at the Amusement Court, he left Moscow at 8 o’clock in the afternoon, and came to Moscow at half an hour at night.” This is one of the earliest evidence about the village. It is clear that it existed before 1657. But neither the plan of Izmailovo and the surrounding area, drawn up around 1652, nor the census book of 1646 mentions Semenovsky, from which it is clear that the village arose somewhere between 1653 and 1656.

Mid-17th century was the time of the creation of a large royal economy east of Moscow. The Emperor founded new villages here. So, around 1661 the village of Preobrazhenskoye appeared, and since 1662 the village of Golyanovo has been known. Semyonovsky had a similar fate, originally founded as a small settlement to serve the amusing Falcon Yard near a reserved grove.

An amusing yard built for “fun”, i.e. hunting with falcons and gyrfalcons, arose simultaneously with Semyonovsky and became its main attraction. Andreas Rode, secretary of the Danish embassy to Russia in 1659, says that it was “elegantly built”: it “has very beautiful rooms, decorated with wonderful wallpaper and velvet.” The yard, judging by the inventory of 1732, was a group of wooden buildings consisting of 4 small rooms, 16 closets, 19 barns, a stable yard and other structures. Most of them were intended for hunting birds - falcons, hawks, gyrfalcons. The falconers, hawk-keepers and fur-hunters who served them constantly lived in Semyonovskoye, for whom seven light rooms were allocated.

Falconry soon becomes one of the king's main concerns. In his orders, he urges that the new falcons be given red skin for hoods at the “fun yard” immediately, sends salaries to the falconers, allocates a lot of money “to buy meat for birds to feed” and for this purpose orders the purchase of pigeons for the gyrfalcon. The sovereign even ordered the door brackets to be gilded in order to give his creation even greater shine. Such diligence and care revealed the nature of the tsar - an economic and enterprising landowner, a lover of falconry. Even in his youth, Alexey Mikhailovich was a good hunter and rider. In 1668, not without a share of literary talent, he wrote “The Falconer's Guide” - a kind of falconry charter. “And this great fun of the field comforts sad hearts, and amuses with joyful joy, and this bird prey makes the hunters happy,” the sovereign confessed to him.

The amusement yard was located next to the Semyonovskaya Grove. The latter was located in the area of ​​the modern area Sokolinaya Gora, which received its name from frequent fun and exercises with falcons. The Dutch traveler Balthasar Coyett, who examined the grove in 1676, found it “very pleasant.” It had a very specific purpose. Here falcons were trained in hunting techniques. Coyette colorfully writes about this: “On high hills in a grove, as high as the trees themselves, traps are set... Falcons and other birds of prey rush to this net where the bird sits, but as soon as they fly up to it... the traps slam shut. We were told that these falcons and everything related to them cost His Majesty 200,000 guilders annually.”

There was also a “mansion building” next to the grove. It was built no later than 1660, for from that time a column came down about the upholstery of the windows and doors of the palace with red “Anbur” cloth. It was a wooden structure, built like a country palace. Close to the amusement courtyard in the 17th century. they were perceived as a single whole.

The complex was distinguished by “sheloms” - tent-roofed endings, on one of which there was a gilded double-headed eagle. The mansions included a suite of bright rooms and vestibules with a house church. The main thing in the new settlement was, obviously, the temple of Simeon the God-President, which gave it its name.

Although the Tsar preferred to stay in nearby Preobrazhenskoye, he often visited the Poteshny Dvor and hunted in its environs. Here he receives reviews of military men. In July 1669, Patriarch Paisnya, who was expecting the Tsar here, was received in Semenovskoe.

The Semenovsky falcon yard continued to exist in the 18th century. The description book of the Order of the Grand Palace of 1701 lists the staff of this institution - two primary and twenty ordinary falconers, nine hawkmen, a clerk, a stall keeper, two fur-hunters, two watchmen and the same number of cooks, as well as a bread-maker and a hood-maker (master of making hoods - leather caps for hunting birds). Wooden buildings are being repaired, new birds are being brought in, and a stone tent is being built. In 1738, the Semenovskaya Grove was assigned to the Palace Department for bird hunting, one of the favorite pastimes of Empress Anna Ioannovna.

However, from the end of the 17th century. The amusing court did not define the main person of Semyonovsky. It was then that the Semyonovskaya Soldiers' Sloboda appeared here - a regularly planned settlement for the amusements of Peter I. The Sloboda began to take shape in the late 80s of the 18th century, when around 1687 the young tsar settled part of his “robots” south of Preobrazhenskoye, in Semyonovskoye. Initially, these were funny grooms - only ten people. Very soon the settlement grew. Next to the huts of commoners stood the mansions of the children of famous dignitaries of that time - the Dolgorukys, Golitsyns, Sheremetevs, Prozorovskys, Repnins, Buturlins, Naryshkins, Tolstoys. Since 1691, these amusing ones are already called Semyonovtsam. Finally, in 1695, the Semenovsky regiment was formed from the latter, receiving the regimental banner. By the beginning of the 18th century. Their uniform was finally formed. They wore blue caftans, red camisoles and trousers, a dark-colored scarf and stockings, and a black hat with large brims raised on three sides.

At the end of the 17th century. The Semenovsky regiment included a grenadier and 12 musketeer companies. Its strength - 1,410 people - did not allow placing all the military in Semyonovskoye - they were resettled in the surrounding areas, in the Yauza suburbs and in the Vorontsov field area. Semyonovskoye remained only the main quartering place for the regiment in Moscow. There were artillery stables, “uniform barns” and workshops here. In 1692, a movable hut was built on the banks of the Khapilovka River. It was a two-story building, the lower tier of which housed the guard, and the upper tier in the 18th century. occupied the reign of the chief of the Moscow regimental command. The structure was decorated with carvings, and there was a tower next to it. The moving hut was surrounded by an office, a regimental school, and various workshops, which together made up the regimental yard. Here, issues of the internal life of the regiment were resolved, as well as (according to the decree of November 28, 1693) the litigation of the Semyonovites.

Along with the Preobrazhensky regiment, the Semenovsky regiment became one of the first guards regiments (since 1700). Having distinguished himself more than once in the war with Sweden, it became the personification of the strength and durability of Russian weapons and existed until 1918.

The Semyonovskaya Soldiers' Settlement, as the plan of 1739 shows, had a trapezoidal shape and consisted of about 70 courtyards. The houses of the settlement's inhabitants faced today's alleys. Back at the end of the 18th century. they were called streets and bore the names Vladimirskaya, Khapilovskaya, Barabannaya, Medovaya, Mazhorovaya. Mazhorov Lane received its name from the position of drum major - senior drummer in a military orchestra, Honey Lane - from the palace meadery on the shore of the Khapilovsky Pond. However, under Peter I they obviously had different names. It is known that at that time there was a First Street in the settlement, which ran perpendicular to modern Semyonovsky. On it was the courtyard of Colonel Ivan Chambers, and since 1730 the Vvedenskaya Church stood. Previously, it was the center of the neighboring palace settlement of Vvedensky, which at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries. actually merged with the Semyonovskaya Soldiers' Settlement. In 1700, there were 18 households of soldiers of the Semenovsky regiment. It was the Vvedensky Church that became the regimental one. It was decorated at the expense of the guards, and the day of the patronal feast of the Entry, November 21, became the regimental holiday of the Semenovites.

Perhaps the main attraction of the settlement of the era of Peter I was the estate of the Tsar’s favorite, Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, which occupied a vast area near the Yauza. The first information about it dates back to the beginning of the 18th century. In 1702 it was mentioned by the Dutch traveler and painter Cornelius de Bruin. Eight one-story stone chambers formed a “verb” in plan, one of the sides of which was the façade. Adjacent to it was the main gate, which turned into a “verb” of the same size with stables, barns and a human hut. Utility buildings and servants' huts were scattered around the perimeter of the site. A large (34 x 24 fathoms) rectangular pond was located behind the mansions. From it, as the plan of 1755 shows, there was a “bay” - a decorative pond.

After Menshikov's disgrace in 1728, his estate was confiscated and for several decades after that the palace stood empty. In 1741 they even wanted to demolish it, but the architect Heyden, who examined it, did not find the building particularly dilapidated. In the middle of the 18th century. instead of the old stables, washrooms were made for washing clothes. Soon the palace itself gave way to the Laundry Courtyard with a garden and a pond. In 1797, the Laundry Pond was drained, and in its place in the 19th century. Vvedenskaya Square was formed, named after the neighboring temple.

Over time, the settlement lost its military structure. By decree of April 9, 1714, merchants and townspeople were allowed to settle there. Small handicraftsmen began to settle in Semyonovskoe, especially spinners and braided workers. In 1766, there were 34 artisans here, and by the end of the century, the merchants' courts had noticeably replaced the military estates. And although in the 18th century. Semenovsky’s land was still formally considered the property of the regiment; by 1768, barely a third of the settlement remained behind it. In 1778, the dilapidated regimental buildings in Semyonovsky were sold to private individuals for scrapping, and the lands from under them came under the jurisdiction of the treasury.

The laying of the Kamer-Kollezhsky shaft included Semyonovskoye as part of the urban areas. Semenovskaya became one of the 16 Moscow outposts. Its building was originally wooden, and from the 19th century. stone, with a guardhouse located nearby. At first it stood not on the border of the settlement, but to the east of it, on a vacant lot near the road to Suzdal. Near this place in 1771, the Semyonovskoye cholera cemetery arose, which was destroyed during Soviet times. Semenovskoe XIX - early XX centuries. - a suburban Moscow factory district, as it remained during Soviet times.

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Vvedenskoye

In the neighborhood of Semenovskoye there was once the village of Vvedenskoye, the name of which is now known to Muscovites only from the Vvedenskoye cemetery, located between Nalichnaya Street and Hospital Shaft. Two hundred and three hundred years ago they said “Vvedensky Mountains,” and this name more accurately reflected the nature of the area - the hills on the left bank of the Yauza. It was separated from the neighboring Semyonovskaya Sloboda, which lay to the north, by a swamp. To the south of the “mountains” was the Lefortovo Soldier’s Settlement, and the border between them was delineated by the small river Sinichka.

On the contrary, across the Yauza, lies the sovereign village of Pokrovskoye. Vvedenskoye was initially his village, that is, a village with a church “pushing” towards the village. Tradition dates the foundation of Vvedensky to 1643, when in the fall, on the Yauz hills, by order of Tsarina Evdokia Lukyanovna, the wooden Church of the Vvedensky was built, consecrated on November 17. The image of this temple, which stood north of today’s military hospital in Lefortovo, is known from the only drawing of Izmailovo and the surrounding area. The plan was drawn by order of the clerk of the Secret Order in the middle of the 17th century. and depicted a rectangular high base on which high roofs with four gables on the sides were placed. The structure was crowned with a wooden octagon, a tent and a small dome covered with a ploughshare. At the church (according to 1681) there were a priest, a deacon, a sexton and a mallow maker. The clergyman of the temple received a cash and grain salary, as well as cloth “for two years for five rubles.”

The settlement itself was small and, judging by the census book of 1646, consisted of 13 households of obroch ("uncultivated") peasants with 28 souls. In 1646, the settlement was still called New Vvedensky, which indicated its recent establishment. Over time, the number of peasant households increased to 22, but by the end of the 17th century. “The peasants were taken to different places,” and 18 households of soldiers of the Semyonovsky regiment settled in the village. At the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. Vvedenskoye merged with neighboring Semyonovskoye and was often referred to as “Semyonovskaya Sloboda, Vvedenskoye also.”

The Vvedenskaya Church burned down and was rebuilt not in its old place, but in the center of Semyonovskaya Sloboda, near the Sezzhey yard. The Vvedensky Mountains lost their architectural dominant and subsequently turned into a peripheral appendage of Semyonovsky, built up with randomly scattered courtyards and enterprises. By 1789 there were no more than two streets here. Nearby there was a brick factory from the palace buildings commission. Similar production existed here more than half a century later - it is known, for example, that bricks according to the ancient model and standard for the restoration of the chambers of the Romanov boyars on Varvarka were ordered from the Vvedensky Mountains. The rest of the surrounding territory - more than 70 acres - in the 18th century. was called “uninhabited pasture land” on both sides of the Sinichka River. Part of the land was cultivated, and the other half lay waste.

The Vvedensky Mountains owe their fame to the cemetery, founded in the early 1770s on the lands of the village of Karacharova of the Spaso-Android Monastery, secularized in 1764. In 1771, the plague raged in Moscow. There was nowhere to bury the mass of the dead - there were so many of them that cemeteries inside the city limits could not cope with their task. In the same year, by decree of the Holy Synod, burials were prohibited in the city, and on May 19, 1772, explanations were given regarding the construction of new cemeteries: they had to be located at a distance of at least 100 fathoms from the city boundaries.

By that time, the old German cemetery, located not far from the church of St. Michael, was already completely developed, and the heterodox communities needed a new plot of land for the same purposes. Then, across the Yauza, opposite the German Settlement, a site was allocated for a “German” cemetery. Already in the 19th century. it began to be called Vvedensky, since it was located on the Vvedensky Mountains. This choice was determined by the nearby two evangelical churches in the settlement - St. Michael and St. Peter (Peter and Paul) and the Catholic Church. In 1798, the elders of these churches asked permission to increase the size of the territory, as a result of which the boundaries of the necropolis expanded noticeably and became closer to modern ones.

In 1863, the Moscow-Ryazan Railway passed east of the cemetery. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The area of ​​the Vvedensky Mountains was planned, and more than ten streets and alleys appeared on it. Today, the main street here is considered to be Ukhtomskaya (formerly Aleksandro-Mikhailovskaya) street, named so in 1924 in honor of Alexei Vladimirovich Ukhtomsky, a driver of the Moscow-Kazan Railway, a participant in the December armed uprising of 1905 in Moscow.